instead of to introduce a possibility, choice or idea that is preferred to something also mentioned instead of + -ing when the subject of both verbs is the same ► note: Do not use instead + infinitive. instead of + noun /pronoun instead = instead of something also mentioned | Instead of taking a bus, I walked. We went out for a meal instead of cooking at home. NOT Let's sit at that table instead of this one. I don't feel like doing it now. I’ll do it tomorrow instead. |
rather than to introduce a possibility, choice or idea that is preferred to something also mentioned rather than + infinitive without to rather than + -ing rather than + noun/pronoun | Rather than waste any more time, I gave up. Rather than standing there, why don't you help? I bought the blue one rather than the red one. |
otherwise = if not, when talking about what will/would happen if another thing mentioned does not/did not happen else • = different; more • use in the following structures: something else, nothing else. etc. what else, whore else, etc. • in questions and statements or (else) • lu introduce an alternative • with else emphasizes that there will be a bad result if the first thing mentioned doesn't happen | If I see her today I'll tell her. Otherwise, I'll call her later. I was ill. I would have gono to the party otherwise. Is there anything else you’d like to know? Jack didn't know so I asked somebody else. There’s nowhere else to look. What else did he say? I didn’t know where else to go. Are you going to phone me or shall I phone you? I’d belter leave now or (else) I'll be late. |
whether... or (not) to laik abou! two possibilities whether + subject + verb + or(+ subject) + verb either... or to link two possibilities either + possibility A + or + possibility B negative verb (+ and + negative verb) + either | You’ll have to pay whether you like it or not. Whether I go away this weekend or I stay here depends on how much money I've got. You either love her or you don't. George can’t go and I can't (go) either. 'I can't go on Friday' - 'I can't either.' |